Women In Ywain Essays - Knights Of The Round Table, Stock Characters

Women In Ywain In Chr?tien de Troyes' Ywain, women represent the moral virtue and arch of all mid-evil civilization. Women of this time had to be an object of love, which meant they had to have beauty, goodness, and be truthful. They had to be a representative of all chivalrous ideals. They also act as civilizing influences throughout the story. Women are put in the story to give men a reason for acting brave and noble. Men become knights in order to demonstrate to women that they are strong and capable of defending themselves against danger. This, they hope, will win the women's heart. In mid-evil times, the first-born son of a landowner is entitled to his father's estate, while other sons and daughters are not given anything. Knights are usually not the first-born son, and thusly do not receive any grants of land from their father. If a landowner only has a daughter, she becomes an heiress, and inherits her fathers land but has to find a husband to take over this land. A knight's dream is to marry a wealthy heiress, and become a landowner. People become knights in order to battle other knights, to show their courage, and win the respect of these heiresses, so they will be able to gain an estate of their own and move up the social scale. Chr?tien tells a story that would entertain the desires of knights and give the hope that they to would be able to find a damsel just like Ywain did. Early in the story, Ywain battles and defeats a knight, who, mortally wounded, flees to his castle. Ywain pursues him, but upon reaching the castle, he is trapped by the portcullis, which crashes down upon him, killing his horse. He is rescued by Lunette, the companion of the dead knight's wife. He then falls in love with the grieving widow of the knight, Alundyne, whom he has just slain; subsequently, he marries her and becomes the protector of her property. In doing this, Ywain has just done what every knight dreams of, marring a wealthy damsel and taking over her land. Women in the story all seem to be described as beautiful, which leads me believe that this was indeed written to attract the attention of knights and make them think that they too could find themselves a gorgeous damsel to marry. Lunete is described as a handsome brunette, very discreet, shrewd, and intelligent. Another example of this is when many of Arthur's knights are joined by some ninety ladies, each of who are handsome, well-mannered, noble, sophisticated, prudent, and wise, persons of high lineage. So, part of a woman's role in the story is to be an object of love, and representative of the chivalrous ideals, which all Knights believe in. Women in this story act as civilizing influences, which lead, guide and calm those they talk to. Ywain is considered a great knight who is always looking for adventure, and not always acting properly. He is portrayed as arrogant, the type of person who would do anything to become the perfect knight, no matter what the cost. Then he meets a woman he loves and gets married. Alundyne brings about a change in Ywain that makes him realize he does not have to be a perfect knight and he learns to act properly. Ywain acts uncivilized when his wife leaves him for breaking his vow to her, and seems to go crazy. He runs into the woods and reverts back to primitiveness by stripping naked and staying in the forest. He seems to lose his mind, when his woman leaves him. The Queen's servant, a woman, finds him there and anoints him. She brings about a calming influence on Ywain, that apparently brings him back to a sane state of mind, making him act much more civilized. Chr?tien was writing this story to entice the imaginations of his audience, and his main audience was probably knights. He depicts women as a civilizing influence that will calm them down and allow them to become landowners. Marrying an heiress, as Alundyne is, would give them property and raise their social class. This too is a civilizing influence since they would

Cuban Economy essays

Cuban Economy essays Although the Cuban economy may be thought of as to some as a complete failure, the command system structure can still be an effective way of creating a successful economy, if the correct steps are taken in it's planning. From the 1960's revolution to the 1990's collapse of russia, the soviet union managed to maintain the Cuban economy by trading them sugar in return for oil (http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/asce/cuba1/panel.html). The USSR paid "higher than market prices" for Cuban cane, and Cuba paid "lower than market prices" for Russian petroleum products. This arrangement which Cuba benefited from, allowed Castro to provide benefits to the citizens such as higher education, free total medical care, and subsidized food and housing. Now, ever since the deal with the Soviet Union has collapsed, the Cuban economy has fallen by 35% from 1989 to 1993 (www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html). Instead of the island being maintained or enhansed, it is barely be sustained. Although the lack of aid from the Soviet Union has had a great influence in the Cuban economy, it still has some hope because of increased tourism, agricultural trade and additional US dollars. The Cuban economy is strongly based on a command system, where the government has nearly complete control of the economy. Just as any other economic system is required to do, the command system must answer the 3 basic economic questions. what to produce, how to produce it, and who gets what (Lyons, Brian 1987). The government controls things such as the quantity of each good that is to be imported and exported, prices of goods and services, wages, housing. etc. Through the goverments control, they can decide who recieves what share of the economic pie. Unfortunatly, this means that they can use this power to there own advantage and limit the amount of income that each citizen receives. In Cuba, each working a...

CBA Leads Bank Share Price Correction

The article is entitled â€Å"CBA leads bank share price correction† is analysed in this report. The article primarily discuss how share price has plunged deeper in the major banks into correction territory following a weak trading update arising from Commonwealth Bank disclosing increasing costs, narrowing margin of profit and escalating loan losses. It indicates that CBA has agonized its sharpest day-to-day share price plunged ever since global financial crisis. CBA’s shared price plummeted 5.9% to 82.98 dollars culminating to a further worsened investor sentiments. This followed a third-quarter unchanged profit report by CBA remain constant at $2.2 billon. This plunged has adversely affected CBA’s competitors including Westpac, NAB, and ANZ Banking Group. The article concludes that the next immediate teething problem for the sector is profit result for NAB merged with 3 big 4 trading ex-dividend over the following week. The accounting theory used in this analysis is Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH)-semi strong form (SSF). EMH describes an investment theory that posits it is not possible to ‘beat the market† due to stock market efficiency that makes available share prices to incorporate as well as reflect every relevant information. Stock trade always at their fair value on stock exchanges which make it an impossibility for investors to buy undervalued stocks and sell stocks for exaggerated prices (Chi, Tripe & Young, 2014). Hence, it remains an impossibility to outperform the entire market via expert stock selection and market timing. The investor can solely likely to acquire higher returns through the purchase of riskier investments. SSF implies every public information is computed into current share price of stock implying neither fundamental nor technical examinations can be utilized to accomplish superior returns. Hence, solely information hidden from the public is suggested to benefit the investors looking to earn abnormal ROI as every other information remains accounted. There is a direct relationship between the share price plunge and the information availed to the public by the Commonwealth Bank (CB) which is what SSF posited above. The plunge in shares in leading banks plunged deeper into correction territory only following a weak trading update given by the CB. This indicates that the public had the information that costs were rising, profit margins were narrowing and the loans losses were rising. According to SSF, every information available to the public is accounted for in the stock prices and no amount of technical or fundamental analysis gives superior returns. This describes why the investors used CB’s update to punish the shares in CBA thereby plunging 5.9%. Indeed, CLSA Brian Johnson confirmed this hypothesis by stating that investors had already seized on the bad news of CBA relating to margins, bad loans and costs. Moreover, the David Ellis confirmed the SSF hypothesis by stating that the investors used the information thereby flocking to banks to exploit their huge dividends as bank shares were being sold off due to increasing yields hence ‘yield trade’. It is also believed that investors could be starting to question whether the fundamentals could justify the hideously expensive valuation, anchored on measures like price-to-earnings as well as price-to-book ratios. This means that the investors are aware of the SSF hypothesis that takes into calculation all public information into present stock share price and hence fundamental analysis cannot be applied to achieve gains by banks (Leuthold & Hartmann, 2013). Due to EMH, the investors behaved in the manner above because they believed that the market remains ubiquitous and, therefore, no quantity of analysis could assist them achieve alpha returns (Groenewold, 2012). Thus, because market is a reflection of its participants, the market is, therefore, all knowing, and becomes unbeatable. It knows the right value to assign to a given stock as stated by EMH. This explains the above plunges in bank share prices (Aitken, Almeida & McInish, 2013).   Ã‚  Ã‚   From the above information, it has been demonstrated that the share prices have extremely plunged due to the update by the Commonwealth Bank. This supports the EMH-semi strong form which posit that all publicly available information is accounted for and hence no degree of technical or fundamental analysis can help investors acquire alpha returns (Schenone, 2014). Aitken, M., Almeida, N., & McInish, T. H. (2013). Financial analysts and price discovery. Accounting & Finance, 48(1), 1-24. Chi, J., Tripe, D. W., & Young, M. R. (2014). Do exchange rates affect the stock performance of Australian Banks?. Available at SSRN 965599. Groenewold, N. (2012). Share market efficiency: tests using daily data for Australia and New Zealand. Applied Financial Economics, 7(6), 645-657. Leuthold, R. M., & Hartmann, P. A. (2013). A semi-strong form evaluation of the efficiency of the hog futures market. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 61(3), 482-489. Schenone, C. (2014). The effect of banking relationships on the firm's IPO underpricing. The Journal of Finance, 59(6), 2903-2958.

Impact of Urban Environmental Aspects on Human Beings Essay

Impact of Urban Environmental Aspects on Human Beings - Essay Example Problems associated with urban areas negatively affect the way of living and prohibit the desire for a further extension. Individuals and the government need to have a concern regarding the best way of ensuring that there are less or no threats to the people living within urban environments. Arguably, overlooking certain ways of improving urban environment is of the essence, as it leads to utilization of resources. In essence, people should work through to ensure that all areas develop despite the changes in their economic status. An urban area is a region undergoing a transition of several development changes in its environment. The number of individuals within the developing region is high per square kilometer. An urban area is a densely populated region with people living there struggling to obtain the available resources. There are many industries producing commodities and whose waste is a threat to the environment. Pollution affects the status of living. On the other hand, the conservation of the environment helps the healthy well-being of individuals. The aspects of urban environment affect the health of individuals. Pollution affects a good stay of individuals in urban areas and is more due to an increase in the number of processing industries dealing. There is the use of chemicals for a complete processing of products. Poor drainage systems of organizations affect the environment of urban areas. Most of the organizations direct waste into waterways and fail to consider the impact on waters used by living beings. (Bueren 279). Consumption of water mixed with chemical substances affects the good health of particular persons and may result in death if not treated. It is expensive to treat waterborne diseases. b) Diseases Most of the people living in developing towns have poor health. The number of infected individuals in developing cities is high due to adverse changes in the ecosystem (Bueren 49). The spread of infectious diseases is also higher because of the concentration of people in one area and failure to access expensive Medicare. Failure to get proper medication weakens the body and may re sult in death. To help reduce deaths, the government should provide cost effective public health care centers in urbanized regions. c) Climate Climatic changes affect the standards of living and are the determinants of activities in most of the processing industries. The changes in climate result from influence in global warming (Bueren 11). Several industries deal with processing of natural products to improve the original quality. Therefore, a change in the prevailing climate may be due to an effect on the ozone layer, which results to acidic rainfall and affects the growth of various products. Lack of favorable rains leads to loss of raw materials. On the other hand, due to lack of available processing products, there is a reduced labor force on certain firms making people lose their only source of earning a living in urban areas. It is crucial for those managing processing firms to attach particular individuals to other departments. Therefore, it is important to ensure that indi viduals may perform activities in other departments to ensure that they meet personal demands. d) Traffic accidents The number of individuals using vehicles is on a gradual increase leading to excess emission of carbon dioxide gas. An area developing into an urban area has many people driving their own vehicles. Careless drivers

Gender in Asian Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender in Asian Studies - Essay Example They do this simply by following social systems that are dominant. She examined colonialism by Europeans in Asia, including areas in contemporary Indonesia, India and Malaysia (Rooy, 2000). The French, Dutch, and British were examples of colonialists that she used. She went on to claim that the status of women of European origin in the colonies had two main roles that were contrasting. These women oppressed the people that were indigenous, while also being oppressed by their European husbands and European men in general (Rooy, 2000). Stoler argues that colonialism by the Europeans was because of differences on the racial nature between non-whites and whites. They justified this prestige with the notion that they are a race superior to the colored people with darker skin (Rooy, 2000). While this distinction by race was of use in the creation of colonial authority, a pitfall in this system came up. This was the existence of children born of mixed race relationships, between local women and European men. The administrators of the colonies saw this as a worrying problem, as the existence of these children of mixed race would blur lines between the inferior and superior races (Rooy, 2000). During the early 20th century, there was concerted introduction of women from Europe to make the generation of children of mixed race cease. ... They also ensured their children did not take up customs from the local culture. These rules ensured a clear distinction between the natives and the colonialists. For the achievement of this goal, these women formed organizations for the preservation of European thought and lifestyle in the colonies. Her research showed there were two roles, very contrasting, for these European women: the oppressors and the oppressed. The women were subject to the strict rules aimed at placating their men not to wander, thus oppressed. They did this while enforcing actively segregation by race thus oppressing the indigenous people, who would, otherwise, been granted more freedom. 2. Faier, "Runaway Stories: The Underground Micro movements of Filipina Oyomesan in Rural Japan". Lieba Faier, a Geography assistant professor in the University of California, published this article in November 2008, in an issue of Cultural Anthropology. In it, Lieba tells us about migration of Filipinas, in large scale, int o Japan. They went as entertainers and were a section of a larger group of Marcos administration initiated emigrates. These migration patterns were initiated to increase foreign exchange and cut national debt in Philippines. Around 1980, Filipino unemployment had grown, and debt levels were critical. During this time, the Japanese economy was booming, and Filipinas looked to immigrate there. Brokers and managers began recruitment of women, both from rural and urban poor communities as bar hosts and sex workers. Women in Japan, on the other hand, removed themselves from this. Lieba brings to the fore stories of migrants of Filipina origin who, apparently, have escaped from their husbands in Central Kiso of Japan. He asked why these stories have become so significant, yet very few

Motion for a Judgement by Default Essay Example for Free

Motion for a Judgement by Default Essay The Plaintiffs sue the Defendant and demand a jury to try this case. The Plaintiff should be awarded Twenty-two Thousand Dollars ($22,000). Both, the Plaintiffs and Defendant were residents of Davidson County, Tennessee on June 29th, 1993. COMES the Plaintiff and sues the Defendant in the amount of Twenty-five Thousand Dollars ($25,000). The Plaintiff was only one and half years old on the date of the injury. A minor Plaintiff, sues HERMAN A. SHULMAN, the Defendant. Plaintiffs would show: 1. That both parties were residents of Davidson County and lived next door to each other at 2413 Valley Crest Drive. Nashville, Tennessee 37201. That on June 29th, 1993 the Plaintiff was attracted to a riding mower being driven by the Defendant, the child approached the mower from the rear of the Defendant and the blade stroke his toes; and . That as a direct and proximate result of the negligence of the Defendant, the Plaintiff was injured. COME the Plaintiffs, at all and move for a Judgment by Default. COMES the Plaintiff through his attorney and moves for a Judgment by Default.

The United States should drill for oil in the ANWR - Alaskan National Wildlife Reserve :: essays research papers

Proposition: The United States should drill for oil in the ANWR. Significance: Right now, The United States of America languishes in an economic decline. Jobs are being lost. Drilling in the ANWR will create hundreds of thousands of jobs. Also, 80% of Alaska’s state revenues are oil. With the North Slope oil fields in decline, Alaskans could lose jobs. Drilling in the ANWR will create jobs for Alaskans. As Jennie Wodkowski, who has lived in Alaska for 34 years said, â€Å"Oil’s important. We don’t have anything else going on here.† Rationale: 1. Harms the Environment 2. Costs Billions 3. Nobody willing to Drill 4. Not much Oil 5. Won’t create jobs 6. Not worth the time My opponents 1st/2nd/3rd contention was the drilling in the ANWR will harm the environment. This is absolutely incorrect. Lets put this into perspective, the ANWR is 19.6 million acres out of Alaska, which is 240 million acres. The proposed drilling in the coastal plain will be 1.5 million acres. Now, with the new technology we have today, we can tap into the 1.5 million acre oil supply with an oil area that is 2000 acres. 2000 acres is 1/10000 or .0001% of the ANWR. 1.5 million acres of oil and a minuscule possibility of harming at max, 1/10000, I repeat 1/10000th if the ANWR. (Arctic Power) Also, drilling in Alaska will not harm the wildlife. Take Prudhoe Bay for example. The Central Arctic Caribou Herd that occupies Prudhoe Bay has grown from a population of 6000 in 1978 to 27000 today. This is a 450% growth over 26 years at an average of 17.3% growth per year. (Arctic Power) That’s quite an increase. Furthermore, the ANWR is not a pristine wilderness with magnificent wilderness and beautiful wildlife at every corner. That is a illusion generated by anti – drilling supporters. The truth is that in the wintertime, the ANWR is 60 degrees below and 99 degrees below if you count the wind-chill factor. As Senator Ted Stevens of Alaska said â€Å"It (the ANWR) is hell in the wintertime. This is not some pristine place that should be protected.† Drilling will not harm wildlife or the environment. My opponents 1st/2nd/3rd contention was that drilling in Alaska will cost billions. True, drilling in Alaska will cost billions but the positive impact on the U.S. economy far outweighs the cost. Also, the billions of dollars it will cost to drill in the ANWR will be mostly paid by companies who want to develop into the ANWR, not the U.

IB Psych SRQ: Explain How One Hormone Influences Human Behavior

A hormone is a biochemical produced by the glands of the endocrine system which is transported by the bloodstream to specific cells and organs around the body in order to initiate specific biological responses. The human body can produce a large number of hormones, many of which have a large influence on our emotions and behavior. Common examples are adrenaline, oxytocin, oestrogen, and testosterone, which I will be using to demonstrate the vast influence which hormones have over our everyday lives.Testosterone is the hormone responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males (development of facial hair, deepening of voice, increased muscle mass, etc.) and is secreted from the testes and ovaries, although only in small amounts by the latter. It is essential for reproduction in males and has been strongly linked to aggressive behaviors.One study which adequately demonstrates this link is Berthold’s 1840’s study on the effects of testosterone on animal behavior. In this quasi-experiment six roosters were castrated. One group was left without testicles, one had them surgically reattached, and one had another rooster’s transplanted. Both of the groups which had been given testicle transplants behaved normally (fighting, crowing, strong sex drive) despite the fact that the testicles did not re-establish the connections they had originally had, while the control group showed decreased levels of aggression and lack of desire to mate. Berthold concluded that the testes must be responsible for secreted some chemical which is linked to these behaviors.Because this study used roosters we can argue that the results should not be generalized to fit humans, however, more recent research has reinforced this link and I chose this study because it was one of the earliest and sparked further enquiry into the area. This study demonstrated a clear cause-and-effect link between the testes and traditional male behaviors because removal the testicles directly lead to less dominant behaviors in the control group.

How Important is Discipline in Society? Essay

Among those who work in difficult or dangerous jobs, for example in coal mines, there is often a discipline that comes not from being subject to the will of any person, however rational and well-intentioned, but from the work itself. If it is to be done successfully and with the minimum danger and discomfort to all those engaged in it, certain procedures must be followed and safeguards observed. Since the workers can see that the nature of the work demands this, there is correspondingly less need for discipline to be imposed on them by some other agency. This is an ideal situation, as far as discipline is concerned: where the discipline is inherent in the work or activity, and where rules and procedures are followed because they are perceived as appropriate if the work is to be done. In the same kind of way it does happen, and fortunately not all that rarely, that a society appears collectively to embrace the idea that behaving within the legal confines is in the public’s interest, and that if they are to be law-abiding, then various routines, such as remaining content with earning one’s own keep and not committing fraud, have to be kept to. How can â€Å"discipline† be defined? Some would reserve the word for the following of rules because the rules are seen appropriate to the task in hand, and would apply the adjective â€Å"disciplined† to the abovementioned society but not to another one which has been brought to order by some external force such as the government’s threats of punishment. Others take a more holistic view of discipline in which it is perfectly proper to speak of one person or group of persons being â€Å"disciplined† by another’s imposition of authority. It would be pointless to stipulate that the word should be used in one way or another. However, I wish to stress that whatever words we use, there are clearly differences among the following three cases: one, where we follow rules willingly because we perceive them as right or appropriate; two, where we follow them under manipulative coercion, such as when we are persuaded that there is no alternative to the rules; and three, where we follow them under what may be called punitive coercion, being threatened with punishment or in general some unpleasant consequences if we do not. In a narrow view of things, many of mankind’s achievements in education,  economics, culture, athletics and science can be attributed to the persistence of disciplined, and often self-motivated, individuals. Sterling examples would include Archimedes, the great mathematician, who before being killed by a Roman soldier was drawing symbols in sand; Marie Curie who dedicated her widowed years in continuing research in radioactivity and eventually died of a radiation-triggered illness; and Siddhartha Gautama who exercised strict discipline over himself to mediate under the pipal tree and eventually achieved enlightenment. Even in Singapore, we see a most disciplined mountaineer in Mr. Khoo Swee Chiow who genuinely believes in his cause. However, discipline in the populace would assume greater significance if we consider its polar opposite: civil disobedience, or the taking of a token action in defiance of the law for the purpose of changing the law. Those who act in a civilly disobedient manner have no respect for law (whereas discipline is the manifestation of a respect for law). It is impossible to have a law that authorises individuals to violate it. Respect for law is essential for any system to function. An effective system of law is possible only when appeals cannot be made to principles outside the legal system. Civil disobedients determine for themselves what laws to obey and what laws to violate. Without law, there will only be chaos as each individual and group decides unilaterally what is right. The victims in such a lawless society will probably be many of the very same people who argue so adamantly for the right of civil disobedience, namely, the advocates of civil rights, social justice, and peace. If one group can decide for itself which laws to obey, so too will other groups. A system of law protects all groups in society. Without it, anarchy prevails, discussion ceases and violence begins. Therefore, discipline is a form of civilly responsible behaviour which helps maintain social order and contributes to the preservation, if not advancement, of collective interests of society at large. Having said that, a society whose members are too self-disciplined to ever become civilly disobedient is likely to be a stagnant one. On the other hand, civil disobedience may be good in the sense that a tolerance of it strengthens democracy. For a system to be democratic, it must have broad  support among diverse elements of society. The processes of a representative democracy (with a system of representative government based on free elections and a system of limitations on state activity) work slowly, and often groups become disenchanted with the slow responsiveness of government. Groups subjected to discrimination or injustice cannot be expected to rely exclusively on constitutional processes, while remedies take years to be instituted. Faced with the problems deeply felt by a group, its leaders must have an alternative to dissent or resistance. In the 1960s, for example, black people in America felt that the processes of change, particularly social and economic change, were moving too slowly to produce tangible benefits. Most of them rejected extremist solutions as unsuitable for democracy but saw in civil disobedience a remedy that would allow them to accept the legitimacy of the system. Hence Martin Luther King’s policy of direct action – the taking of non-violent measures like boycotts and sit-ins – which was based on the necessity of violating unjust laws. Here, acts of civil disobedience were justified because racial segregation by law is morally reprehensible. Another of the twentieth century’s great proponents of civil disobedience was Mohandas K. Gandhi, the Indian leader. His policy of satyagraha (literally â€Å"firmness in the truth†) was often equated with passive resistance. He urged his partisans to take peaceful acts, such as marches and boycotts to achieve the independence of India from British colonial rule. Gandhi became famous for his hunger strikes and for other acts of non-violence. One of his tactics was to have his followers lie down on railroad tracks, thus preventing trains from moving. By taking such peaceful acts of civil disobedience, Gandhi contributed to the movement – both in India and in Great Britain – for the independence of his country. Although not sanctified by law, civil disobedients can strengthen democratic institutions because they channel their energies in directions that a broader segment would ultimately accept – the abolition of slavery and segregation laws, the expression of civil rights, the establishment of nation independence, and the promotion of peace. They bring about positive  social changes. Returning to the three cases I highlighted in the second paragraph, it seems clear enough that the first case, whether or not we call it â€Å"discipline†, is what any government would prefer to find in its people. After all, it guarantees smooth implementation of even the most unpopular laws and in extreme cases, enables social engineering to be carried out. The question is what we are to do when this ideal breaks down or has no chance to develop. What course of action can governments take to bring about the order necessary for the smooth running of society, and indeed for civilised relationsh ips in general, to take place? More than often, governments ensure discipline in the people by instituting a legal system. Undoubtedly, a legal system is a specialised system of rules, distinct from moral rules, which at the least provides a framework in which individual behaviour can be in some sense regulated and an element in certainty guaranteed, and which at the very most may provide a comprehensive framework of regulations covering nearly all aspects of the individual’s life. To discuss the importance of discipline, or rather disciplinary action, in society, we would need to validate the existence of legal systems. It is true that some political philosophers have toyed with the idea of the possibility of social order without law: indeed, the first major work on this subject, Plato’s Republic, describes a lawless utopia in which the free play of the intelligence of the philosopher-kings is allowed to proceed untrammelled by legal restraints. Also, Karl Marx’s future classless society would be free from the restraints of civil and criminal law because those very factors that give rise to the need for law – the institution of money, the social division of labour and the system of private property – would have been removed. What unites all the differing â€Å"lawless† utopias is the requirement that these desirable states of affairs can only be brought about by a fundamental change in human nature. Marx, for instance, stresses that the abolition of the social division of labour associated with the bourgeois mode of production would entail a change in human nature. Yet the most elementary of human nature would make these interpretations fantastically optimistic because it seems to indicate the necessity for some rules, many of which are bound to be backed by organised sanctions (these will come to  be known as â€Å"laws†). Other political theorists, perhaps with a less elevated view of human potential, have argued that individuals have found the best form of protection in the existence of general rules of conduct binding on all. It is ironic that in his Laws, a much later work, Plato describes a society under the rule of law. Many commentators have understood this striking change in viewpoint as a capitulation to hard facts. If so, the facts may be no more compelling than that a wise ruler can be effective only through the promulgation of general regulations. No ruler of a large society could make every critical decision and transmit it rapidly through the populace. The best one can do is to define general limits within which individual citizens make their own decisions. Likewise, in practice, Communist regimes have maintained some sort of court system. Indeed, as the dream of a stateless, coercionless society faded, the notion of â€Å"legality† crept back into Soviet jurisprudence. Constitution law was revived and made consistent with socialism; and even some Western legal concepts and practices which would previously have been denounced as bourgeois reappeared in the later development of the Soviet legal system. Thus there was a legal order in the Soviet system. From these illustrations, it becomes more difficult to conceive of a society in which the people are not disciplined by laws. A system of law provides three qualities for social life: stability, uniformity and cooperation. The type of social stability that law provides is reliability of expectation. When established laws exist, citizens know what they can expect from their fellow citizens and government officials. Criminal law is a system of rules that provides means for the apprehension of individuals who break the law and that circumscribe the procedures that the government must follow in arrest and seizure. Civil law defines the procedures required for legal status with respect to property, contracts, marriages and many other relations among individuals and institutions. To a great extent, the more persuasive is law throughout a society, and the more are social relations regulated by it, the more stable is the society and the more reliable are expectations of members of the society as to how others will act if they respect the law. The greatest virtue of law is that it  achieves an explicitness frequently absent from other regions of social life, say custom, preventing arbitrariness and caprice and making clear what is demanded of individuals. Next, the fundamental and persuasive feature of law is its promulgation of a general rule binding equally on everyone who fits the conditions prescribed. The principle that everyone is equal before the law is inherent in all laws, not just in a democracy. Uniformity is important for stability, cooperation and fairness. It expresses the heart of the principle of equality before the law. A stable society requires uniform procedures for regulating activities and for rectifying imbalances. Citizens must be informed by formal legislation that activities are prescribed and proscribed. Where cooperation throughout large groups and regions is pursued, stable and reliable expectations are required. Vehicle drivers cooperate at road junctions through the laws that regulate left of way. Finally, the urge towards fairness shared by everyone, even those who reject some laws, requires implementation in laws if it is to be effective. Thirdly, a society can be beneficial to its members only where it achieves cooperation among them. If all activities were wholly individual within a society, the society would exact the usual price for social life from its members without compensating benefits. Law provides a necessary organisational and structural force in cooperative ventures. Exchange and possession of property could not be as smooth as they are in many countries without rules regulating the flow of money, procedures for the exchange of property and so forth. The most obvious characteristic of laws is that they are enforced, involving the police, courts of laws, punishments and penal institutions. I accept that the general justifying aim punishment is to secure greater obedience to laws and rules by deterring offenders, both potential repeat offenders and those who so far have not offended but might if not deterred. If this seems too obvious a statement to be worth making, I do so at this point because different opinions have been offered, such as that the general purpose of punishment is to reform offenders, or to visit retribution on them or to  reveal the moral order. Judicial punishment is incurred for an offence against laws or rules, which can be inspected in statute books. The connection is that when a person can know in advance, because rules have been published, what he is liable to be punished for, it is possible for him to exercise the choice and live in the security that are supposed to be the advantages of order being maintained through punishment rather than manipulation or sophisticated bullying. Thus punishment is supposed to have the merit of respecting the individual’s responsibility, of giving him the choice of whether to offend and to pay the price or observe the rule and preserve his freedom, so conferring the benefit that he is in charge, in this respect at least, of his own life and destiny. To insist that it is precisely where matters of importance are concerned that people must be given significant responsibility may seem strange in the context of punishment, for what we want to do is to prevent crimes and offences, not leave people with the choice of whether to commit them or not. Punishments are not simply a scheme of fines and restrictions designed to put a price on certain forms of conducts; it would be far better if the acts proscribed by penal statutes were never done. The point of punishment is that while it aims to prevent offences, it does this in a way that leaves room for other principles and goods that we value, which a more simple-minded, draconian system of preventing offences would not. More is at stake than the maintenance of laws at their most efficacious level: if that were all we wanted, we would behave very differently. We might, for example, take measures to isolate or even exterminate those sections or age groups of the population statistically most likely to commit crimes and would no doubt institute curfews. Yet we have reservations about measures such as these because as well as freedom from crimes, we value other things like freedom of speech, of movement and association. In this light, punishment as a means of discipline is important in society. At the same time, this importance can be diminished in the view of the adverse effects of law and punishment. The value of law is so great and the reverence for law becomes so overpowering that it may become self-stultifying and destructive. Laws can make a society become too stable  and inflexible, incapable of adapting to new conditions. The laws of a society may represent social relations long out of date, promoting oppression and invasion of privacy. Law may impose too great a uniformity upon society, stifling creativity, originality, human variation and cultural heterogeneity. When the faults of law intrude, people become desperate. When injustices prevail within the ruling system of injustice, when society becomes too uniform, inflexible and oppressive, law can be viewed as an intractable evil. When the prevailing legal system is held up as worthy because it is the law, no matter how oppressive and unjust, people lose their respect for law without knowing any alternative. The most pernicious danger is that respect for law may be imposed and not earned, and may be assumed even when the law is unjust. Then we have the hidden oppression of Kafka’s â€Å"The Trial†, in which a man suffers under a system of Law that accuses and trials him but never explains why. That system should not merit such respect and must instead be condemned. In conclusion, I view discipline exercised by and over the populace as important in society; however, it should co-exist with an active civil voice. Can discipline be maintained by means other than law and punishment? Liberal-rationalists distinguish rule-governed behaviour from habitual behaviour on the premise that the former involves â€Å"internalisation†. A rule is internalised when it is understood by the participants in a social practice as indicating a right and wrong way of doing things. Unlike the carefully trained animal in the zoo who follows the keeper’s instructions automatically, individuals who are guided by rules regard them as expressing meaningful standards of behaviour. Furthermore, rules entail the idea of choice for, unlike well-trained animals, humans may disobey rules. Sanctions are needed to cope with the minority of rule-breakers but this does not mean that sanctions can replace internalisation as the guarantor of regularised behaviour. This concept of â€Å"internalisation† is reminiscent of Confucius’ teachings: â€Å"Guide them by the edicts, keep them in line with punishments, and the  common people will stay out of trouble but will have no sense of shame. Guide them by virtue, keep them in line with the rites, and they will, besides having a sense of shame, reform themselves.†

How Much Time to Spend Studying in College

How Much Time to Spend Studying in College Theres no right way to study in college. Even students who have the same majors and take the same classes wont need to spend the same amount of time on coursework because everyone has their own way of learning. That being said, theres a common rule of thumb students and professors use to determine how much time to allocate for studying in college: For each hour you spend in class, you should spend two to three hours studying outside of class. How Should I Study? Of course, that outside of class studying can take on different forms: You might take the traditional approach to studying by sitting in your room, poring over a textbook or reading assignment. Or perhaps youll spend time online or in the library  further researching topics your professor mentioned in class. Maybe youll have a lot of lab work to do  or a group project that requires meeting other students after class. The point is studying can take many forms. And, of course, some classes require students to work outside of class a lot more time than others. Focus more on what sort of studying will help you complete your necessary coursework and get the most out of your education, rather than trying to meet a specific study-hours quota. Why Should I Track How Much I Study? While prioritizing the quality over the quantity of your study time is more likely to help you accomplish your academic goals, its smart to keep track of how much time you spend doing it. First of all, knowing how much time to spend studying in college can help you gauge if youre spending enough time on your academics. For example, if youre not performing well on exams or assignments - or you get negative feedback from a professor - you can reference the amount of time youve spent studying to determine the best way to proceed: You could try spending more time studying for that class to see if it improves your performance. Conversely, if youve already invested a lot of time in that course, perhaps your poor grades are an indication its not an area of study that suits you. Beyond that, tracking how you study can also help you with time management, a skill all college students need to develop. (Its pretty handy in the real world, too.) Ideally, understanding your out-of-class workload can help you avoid cramming for exams or pulling all-nighters to meet an assignment deadline. Those approaches are not only stressful, but theyre often not very productive either. The better you understand how much time it takes you to  engage with and comprehend the course material, the more likely you are to reach your academic goals. Think of it this way: Youve already invested a lot of time and money going to class, so you might as well figure out how much time you need to do everything necessary for getting that diploma.

The newly hired pharmacist Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The newly hired pharmacist - Case Study Example The Relevant Issues For decades some pharmacists have chosen to use moral convictions steeped in Judeo-Christian ethic as a right in their dispensing of medications (Wernow &Grant, 2008). Some states in the USA give legitimacy to this stand of these pharmacists. Yet only six percent of pharmacists are likely to adopt such a stand and that too from their religious beliefs (Davidson et al, 2010). Even so this right of the pharmacists runs counter to the principles of autonomy, non-maleficence, and beneficence in patient rights for the dispensing of legitimately required drugs. It is this opposing stances combined with the lack of uniform laws across the USA that has led to a controversy over the use of â€Å"conscience clause† laws by the pharmacists (Weisberg & Fraser, 2009). The Legal Position There are no current laws on whether a pharmacist should dispense emergency contraceptives, or may refuse to do so. In the absence of such laws existing state laws are applicable to whet her a pharmacist may refuse to dispense emergency contraceptives. Not all states have enacted such laws. The states of Alabama, New Hampshire, and Vermont have chosen to remain silent on the issue.

Chinese foot bingdings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Chinese foot bingdings - Essay Example The Manchu Sovereign Kangxi attempted to boycott foot binding in 1664 however failed. In the 1800s (nineteenth century), Chinese reformers tested the practice yet it was not until the early twentieth century that foot is tying started to vanish, somewhat from changing social conditions and mostly as a consequence of against foot tying campaigns. Foot-tying brought about long lasting incapacities for the greater part of its subjects, and some elderly Chinese ladies still survive today with handicaps identified with their bound feet. The mincing steps. The affecting hips. The little nubbins at the closures of ladies legs painstakingly tucked into smaller than normal, fancy shoes. For 1,000 years, minor, bended feet were viewed as a definitive standard of ladylike magnificence in China, heading about 3 billion Chinese ladies to tie their feet throughout this time, regardless of the way that foot tying was a long, greatly frightful process that brought about seriously disfigured feet forever (Ross 2013). A few stories exist regarding how the practice began, however, the most prominent and sound says it started with Ruler Li Yu, who ruled throughout the Southern Tang administration (937-975 A.D.). In 970, the sovereign allegedly saw his most loved associate moving on a brilliant lotus platform and was spellbound by her feet, which she had wrapped in pieces of material - much like those of a dance artist moving on Pointe - so her moving showed up more lovely. Seeing the heads pleasure, other court ladies correspondingly wrapped their feet. Before, long privileged ladies received the design, and in the end it spread to all ladies, regardless of their societal position. Just a couple of locales opposed, in the same way as the Manchu and the individuals who hailed from Guangdong in southern China (Holman, Ross 2013). Shockingly, as the custom took hold it